Ethologist Β· Social Insect Biologist Β· Educator

Ruchira Sen, PhD

Assistant Professor, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector 26, Chandigarh, India

PhD in Animal Behaviour - IISc, Bangalore
Postdoc - UT Austin
Postdoc - Purdue University
while you are here, try to mark the wasps!

About

A life in the field, the lab, and the lecture hall

SGGS Β· Chandigarh
SGGS Β· Chandigarh
Muliple Foundress Nest of π˜—π˜°π˜­π˜ͺ𝘴𝘡𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘒𝘡𝘡π˜ͺπ˜ͺ
Muliple Foundress Nest of π˜—π˜°π˜­π˜ͺ𝘴𝘡𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘒𝘡𝘡π˜ͺπ˜ͺ
π˜—π˜°π˜­π˜ͺ𝘴𝘡𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘒𝘡𝘡π˜ͺπ˜ͺ
π˜—π˜°π˜­π˜ͺ𝘴𝘡𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘒𝘡𝘡π˜ͺπ˜ͺ
π˜—π˜°π˜­π˜ͺ𝘴𝘡𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘒𝘡𝘡π˜ͺπ˜ͺ collecting water
π˜—π˜°π˜­π˜ͺ𝘴𝘡𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘒𝘡𝘡π˜ͺπ˜ͺ collecting water

Ruchira Sen, is an Assistant Professor at Sri Guru Gobind Singh College (SGGS), Sector 26, Chandigarh. She studies behavioural and microbial ecology of social insects. She primarily studies the primitively eusocial wasp π‘·π’π’π’Šπ’”π’•π’†π’” π’˜π’‚π’•π’•π’Šπ’Š. Her focus is on the host-parasitoid dynamics and nesting biology of 𝑷. π’˜π’‚π’•π’•π’Šπ’Š. She has discovered a new species of the strepsipteran parasitoid, 𝘟𝘦𝘯𝘰𝘴 𝘨𝘒π˜₯𝘒𝘨𝘬𝘒𝘳π˜ͺ, that parasitises on 𝑷. π’˜π’‚π’•π’•π’Šπ’Š. She also studies the fungus-farming termite π‘Άπ’…π’π’π’•π’π’•π’†π’“π’Žπ’†π’” 𝒐𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒔 and the parsitoid wasp π‘΅π’‚π’”π’π’π’Šπ’‚ in collaboration with Dr. Rhitoban Raychoudhury at IISER Mohali. Her research is generously funded by ANRF, India.

She received her PhD by working on the behaviour of males of the primitively eusocial wasp π‘Ήπ’π’‘π’‚π’π’Šπ’…π’Šπ’‚ π’Žπ’‚π’“π’ˆπ’Šπ’π’‚π’•π’‚ under the supervision of Prof. Raghavendra Gadagkar at IISc Bengaluru. Later she did her postdoctoral research on fungus-growing ants at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, with Prof Ulrich Mueller and on lower termites at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN with Prof M. E. Scharf.

She brings together field observations, molecular ecology, microbial community analysis, and behavioural experiments to understand how insect societies are maintained, how they resist parasites and pathogens, and what symbiotic microbes do behind the scenes. She is an editorial board member of the journal Microbial Ecology (Springer Nature) and received the Editor of Distinction award for 2026.

She teaches Zoology at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She has taught courses like π‘¬π’„π’π’π’π’ˆπ’š 𝒂𝒏𝒅 π‘¨π’π’Šπ’Žπ’‚π’ π‘©π’†π’‰π’‚π’—π’Šπ’π’–π’“, 𝑨𝒅𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔 π’Šπ’ π‘¬π’π’•π’π’Žπ’π’π’π’ˆπ’š, 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒉 π‘΄π’†π’•π’‰π’π’…π’π’π’π’ˆπ’š 𝒂𝒏𝒅 π‘Ίπ’„π’Šπ’†π’π’•π’Šπ’‡π’Šπ’„ π‘Ύπ’“π’Šπ’•π’Šπ’π’ˆ, π‘¬π’π’…π’π’„π’“π’Šπ’π’π’π’π’ˆπ’š 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑡𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 π‘·π’‰π’šπ’”π’Šπ’π’π’π’ˆπ’š, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 π‘¬π’„π’π’π’π’Žπ’Šπ’„ π‘¬π’π’•π’π’Žπ’π’π’π’ˆπ’š 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑷𝒆𝒔𝒕 π‘΄π’‚π’π’‚π’ˆπ’†π’Žπ’†π’t She is the coordinator of Prof Puran Singh Science Society of SGGS College and organizes various events for the society. She is also the coordinator of NAAC Criterion 3.

Research Interests

EntomologyAnimal BehaviourSocial Insect BiologyMicrobial EcologyEusocialityBehavioural Ecology
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Published Papers

The three organisms

Research Frontiers

Three model systems, one question: how do insect societies stay together and what hidden partners hold them up?

Hymenoptera Β· Vespidae

Polistes wattii

Paper Wasp of the Punjab Plains

π‘·π’π’π’Šπ’”π’•π’†π’” π’˜π’‚π’•π’•π’Šπ’Š is one of the most abundant primitively eusocial wasps of north India. It is an annual species that hibernates in winter and initiates nests twice a year. In spring nests are made by single wasps and in summer nests are made by multiple wasps. We have documented its unique biannual nesting strategy and massive multi-comb summer nests in a paper in 2022. π‘·π’π’π’Šπ’”π’•π’†π’” π’˜π’‚π’•π’•π’Šπ’Š is often parasitised by a strepsipteran endoparasitoid, which changes the host's behaviour, physiology and microbiota. We identified it as a new species and named this interesting species 𝑿𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒔 π’ˆπ’‚π’…π’‚π’ˆπ’Œπ’‚π’“π’Š. We have described this species in a paper in 2024 and showed it's effect on the microbiota of π‘·π’π’π’Šπ’”π’•π’†π’” π’˜π’‚π’•π’•π’Šπ’Š in another paper in 2025. We are currently looking at the effect of parasitism on the reproductive physiology and behaviour of π‘·π’π’π’Šπ’”π’•π’†π’” π’˜π’‚π’•π’•π’Šπ’Š. My student Deepak is studying this host-parasite dynamics for his PhD. Abhishek has just started studying π‘·π’π’π’Šπ’”π’•π’†π’”. And of course, I thank Rhitoban for participating in our endless wasp discussions.

nesting biology Β· social behaviour Β· nest architecture Β· parasite–host dynamics Β· microbiota Β· phylogeny

Isoptera Β· Termitidae

Odontotermes obesus

The Indian Fungus Farmer

Fungus farming termites and ants invented agriculture millions of years before us. They make gardens or combs with vegetative material and cultivate fungi in them for food. One such example is the higher termite π‘Άπ’…π’π’π’•π’π’•π’†π’“π’Žπ’†π’” 𝒐𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒔, which cultivates π‘»π’†π’“π’Žπ’Šπ’•π’π’Žπ’šπ’„π’†π’” inside its underground galleries. We study how 𝑢. 𝒐𝒃𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒔 workers protect their fungal comb from the weed invasion and the role of microbes in stopping the weed. We published 3 papers covering this story. Rhitoban's students Renuka and Aanchal have worked on this system for their PhD. Now Khushboo, Pramod, Keya and Kriti are working on termites.

fungiculture Β· microbial ecology Β· defensive mutualism Β· metatranscriptomics Β· gut microbiota

Hymenoptera Β· Pteromalidae

Nasonia Species Complex

Reproductive behaviour of Nasonia

Although I take pride in being a social insect biologist, I too have deviated a few times from social insects to parasitoid wasps. The π‘΅π’‚π’”π’π’π’Šπ’‚ species complex is a textbook model for speciation, cytoplasmic incompatibility, and π‘Ύπ’π’π’ƒπ’‚π’„π’‰π’Šπ’‚ biology. I help Rhitoban and his students (Alok, Babita and Taruna) with data analysis and writing papers (I really can't take any more credit than this!).

Wolbachia Β· endosymbiosis Β· cytoplasmic incompatibility Β· fitness effects Β· reproductive manipulation

The record

Selected Publications

2025

Parasite-induced replacement of host microbiota β€” impact of Xenos gadagkari parasitization on the microbiota of Polistes wattii

Nain D, Rana A, Raychoudhury R, Sen R (2025).

Microbial Ecology 88(1): 20

β†— 1 citationsView Paper β†’
2024

Morphology, biology and phylogeny of Xenos gadagkari sp. nov. (Strepsiptera: Xenidae): an endoparasite of Polistes wattii

Nain D, Rana A, Raychoudhury R, Sen R (2024).

Zootaxa 5493(5): 561–576

β†— 3 citationsView Paper β†’
2023

A review of our meagre knowledge of Asian Polistes, and a call for more studies

Nain D, Sen R (2023).

Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 103(4): 1049–1064

β†— 3 citationsView Paper β†’
2022

Coping with the 'Indian summer': unique nesting cycle and nest architecture of the paper wasp, Polistes wattii

Sen R, Malhotra K, Gupta M, Kaur R, Bawa D, Duhan M, Sandhi S, Songara P, Nain D, Raychoudhury R (2022).

The Science of Nature 109(3): 31

β†— 7 citationsView Paper β†’
2012

Males, but not females, mate with multiple partners: a laboratory study of a primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata

Shilpa MC, Sen R, Samudre S, Gadagkar R (2012).

Insectes Sociaux 59(1): 61–65

β†— 9 citationsView Paper β†’
2011

Behavioural and morphological dimorphism of the sexes: an account of two primitively eusocial wasps

Sen R, Gadagkar R (2011).

Journal of Natural History 45(21–22): 1295–1309

β†— 8 citationsView Paper β†’
2010

Nestmateship and body size do not influence mate choice in males and females: A laboratory study of a primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata

Shilpa MC, Sen R, Gadagkar R (2010).

Behavioural Processes 85(1): 42–46

β†— 16 citationsView Paper β†’
2010

Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata: a comparison of the two sexes

Sen R, Gadagkar R (2010).

Journal of Natural History 44(15–16): 959–968

β†— 14 citationsView Paper β†’
2010

Middle aged wasps mate through most of the year, without regard to body size, ovarian development and nestmateship

Sen R, Samudre S, Shilpa MC, Chitra Tarak R, Gadagkar R (2010).

Insectes Sociaux 57(1): 95–103

β†— 13 citationsView Paper β†’
2009

The biology of two sexes: a study of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata

Sen R (2009).

PhD Thesis, Indian Institute of Science

β†— 1 citationsView Paper β†’
2006

Males of the social wasp Ropalidia marginata can feed larvae, given an opportunity

Sen R, Gadagkar R (2006).

Animal Behaviour 71(2): 345–350

β†— 35 citationsView Paper β†’

From the field

Research in Motion

Watch the world of social insects come alive with field footage, lectures and science communication from Ruchira Sen, PhD.

News & Updates

Ruchira Sen participated in a panel discussion at the Animal Taxonomy Summit, Kolkata. Organised by Zoological Survey of India
1st July, 20261 / 4

Ruchira Sen participated in a panel discussion at the Animal Taxonomy Summit, Kolkata. Organised by Zoological Survey of India

Ruchira Sen participated in a panel discussion at the Animal Taxonomy Summit, Kolkata, organised by the Zoological Survey of India. She gave a talk titled: Phylogenomics and the Tree of Animal Life.

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Affiliation

PG Department of Zoology,
Sri Guru Gobind Singh College (SGGS)
Sector 26, Chandigarh - 160019, India